Tools
Elements of architecture
Diagrams and texts by LDB Arquitectura
200 pieces for reading and designing buildings, ensembles and cities anywhere in the world, with a special eye on the tropics. Each one tells what it is, what it solves, which cultures it comes from, how it is used well today and where it is heading.
Tap a diagram to open its card. Filter by family or by what you need to solve, or search by name. You can also follow a route, see the map of origins, the timeline or the network of relationships.
What do you need to solve?
Choose a situation and we will show you the elements that help.
In the building
In the ensemble or master plan
On the street and in the neighborhood
Ground and structure 22
Roof and water 10
Boundary and skin 21
Threshold and transition 13
Light and air 12
Moving through 14
Dwelling 10
Matter and surface 19
Ensemble and master plan 19
Street and city 27
Contemplating and gathering 17
Systems and the future 16
We found no elements with those filters. Try another word or remove a filter.
Guided tours by theme. Each route orders a few elements and explains why they belong together.
Each point marks a place where a culture contributed something to an element. The filters above also apply to the map.
535 origins placed on the map.
Ancient cultures of China|China|common around 2000 BC
Adobe house|Costa Rica|18th and 19th centuries
Prehistoric pile dwellings of the Alps|six Alpine countries of Europe|5000 to 500 BC
Peoples of Lake Maracaibo|Venezuela|seen by Europeans in 1499
Stilt houses of Chiloé|Chile|late 19th century
Early Maya, Aguada Fénix|Tabasco, Mexico|1000 to 800 BC
Guayabo de Turrialba|Costa Rica|1000 BC to 1400 AD
Adobe house|Costa Rica|18th and 19th centuries
Earth construction|Iran, Maghreb and Europe|more than 4,000 years in Iran
Wari and Inca|Peruvian Andes|6th to 15th centuries
Ifugao people|mountain ranges of the Philippines|about 2,000 years
Guayabo de Turrialba|Costa Rica|1000 BC to 1400 AD
Wari state|Ayacucho, Peru|since the 6th century
Collaguas|Colca Valley, Peru|since the 11th century
Ifugao people|mountain ranges of the Philippines|about 2,000 years
Ancient Egypt|Nile Valley|since around 2600 BC
Achaemenid Persia|Persepolis, Iran|reign of Darius I
Maya and Toltec|Chichén Itzá, Mexico|10th and 11th centuries
Timber architecture|northern China|of unclear origin
Iron industry|Belgium|1849
First reinforced concrete builders|France|1853 to 1855
First reinforced concrete builders|England|1854
Adobe house|Costa Rica|18th and 19th centuries
Confined masonry|Chile|since the 1930s
Mesopotamia|Nippur, Iraq|before 3800 BC
Etruscans and Romans|Italy|since the 4th century BC
Islamic world|Jerusalem and Cairo|since the late 7th century
Ancient Egypt|Ramesseum, Thebes|reign of Ramesses II
Nubia|Egypt and Sahel|revived since the 1940s
Imperial Rome|Pantheon of Rome|around the year 126
Persia|Iran|of unclear origin
Musgum people|northern Cameroon|traditional
Geodesic dome|Jena, Germany|1926
Ancient Rome|portico of the Pantheon, Rome|2nd century
Monastery of Saint Catherine|Sinai, Egypt|548 to 565
Traditional Turkish house and kasbahs of the Maghreb|Turkey and Algeria|medieval and Ottoman period
Fallingwater|Pennsylvania, United States|1936 to 1939
Quincha|Peruvian coast|ancient use, spread after the 1759 earthquake
Pombaline cage (gaiola)|Lisbon, Portugal|1755 to 1880
Braced steel frames|Chicago, United States|industrial era
French Gothic|Paris, France|1180
Earthquake Baroque|Paoay, Philippines|1694 to 1710
Parish church of Cartago|Costa Rica|1821
Achaemenid Persia|Pasargadae, Iran|around 550 BC
New Zealand engineering|Wellington, New Zealand|1974 to 1982
Public hospital|Cartago, Costa Rica|21st century
Traditional Japanese architecture|Japan|measure fixed around 1650
Song dynasty|Kaifeng, China|1103
Industrial era|London, England|1851
Imperial Rome|Pantheon, Rome|around the year 126
Iron age|Paris, France|1889
First modern shells|Jena, Germany|1926
Reinforced brick|Uruguay|second half of the 20th century
Phrygians and Byzantines|Derinkuyu, Cappadocia, Turkey|from the 8th century BC to the 12th century
Traditional Iranian house|Iran|of unclear origin
Bribri and Cabécar peoples|Talamanca, Costa Rica|living tradition
Minangkabau|West Sumatra, Indonesia|living tradition
Malay house|Malay Peninsula|vernacular tradition
Traditional Kerala house|India|vernacular tradition
Traditional Japanese house|Japan|vernacular tradition
Saxon thatched houses|England|Early Middle Ages
Jean Prouvé’s prefabricated tropical house (Maison Tropicale)|Congo and West Africa|1949 to 1951
Queenslander house|Queensland, Australia|since the 1840s
Rome|Roman Britain|Antiquity
Normans|Tower of London, England|Middle Ages
Rain chain (kusari-doi)|Japan|of unclear origin
Industrial England|United Kingdom|19th century
Ancient Egypt|Egypt|Antiquity
Ancient Greece|Olympia, Greece|Antiquity
Javanese Buddhism|Borobudur, Java, Indonesia|9th century
European Gothic|Laon, France|around 1200 to 1220
Roman house (domus)|Pompeii and Rome, Italy|Antiquity
Jola (Diola) people|Lower Casamance, Senegal|ancient and living tradition
Igbo, Yoruba and Edo|southern Nigeria|vernacular tradition
Maya|Mesoamerica and Puuc hills, Yucatán|pre-Columbian period
Minoan|Myrtos Pyrgos, Crete|around 1700 BC
Al-Andalus|Iberian Peninsula|Middle Ages
Venice|Italy|for centuries
Scandinavian log house|Norway and Scandinavia|Viking age to the 18th century
Traditional Icelandic farm|Iceland|living tradition
Modern green roof|Germany|since the 1960s
Green bus stops|Singapore|21st century
Rome|Colosseum, Rome|1st century
Roman fleet of Misenum|Italy|Antiquity
Egypt, Persia and Arabia|North Africa and Western Asia|Antiquity
Al-Andalus|Iberian Peninsula|Middle Ages
Modern movement|France|1920s
Neolithic village of Çatalhöyük|Anatolia, present-day Turkey|around 7500 to 5600 BC
Inca Empire|Central Andes|15th and 16th centuries
Guayabo archaeological site|Turrialba, Costa Rica|around 1000 BC to 1400 AD
Bahareque|tropical America, with major development in Caldas, Colombia|ancestral, with variants since 1840
Italian language|Italy|recorded in English since 1656
Georgian architecture|England|18th century
Spanish Baroque|Santiago de Compostela, Spain|Baroque
Medieval Nordic peoples|Scandinavia and England|first record in the early 13th century
China, Korea and Japan|East Asia|Antiquity
Ghana Empire|West Africa|1154
Ancient Egypt|Nile Valley|Antiquity
Neolithic villages|near Zurich, Switzerland|more than 5,000 years ago
Sui dynasty|China|604 to 618
Swahili coast|Zanzibar, Tanzania|19th century
Abbasid and Ottoman Arab world (mashrabiya)|Baghdad, the Levant and Egypt|since the 12th century, widespread between 1517 and 1805
Indian and Indo-Islamic architecture (jali)|India|ancient temples and geometric stone since 1305
Spanish language|Spain and Spanish America|of unclear origin
France|Europe|18th century
Traditional Japanese architecture|Japan|traditional
Modern movement|France|1933
Brazilian modernism|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil|designed 1936 and 1937
Engineering of northeastern Brazil|Recife, Brazil|1929 and 1930
Wire industry|United States|19th century
Public health|United States|first half of the 20th century
Victorian industrial architecture|Liverpool, England|1864
Department stores|Berlin, Germany|1901
Modern movement|New York, United States|1952
German industrial architecture|Giengen, Germany|1903
Modern movement|La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland|1916
Energy-saving architecture|United States|1980
Contemporary French architecture|Paris, France|1987
Gulf architecture|Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates|2012
Han dynasty|China|206 BC to 220 AD
Ancient Japan|Japan|7th and 8th centuries
Japanese house|Japan|since the late 12th century
Spanish ironwork|Seville, Spain|16th century
Frankish kingdom|France|864
Mesoamerican agriculture|from southern Mexico to Colombia, including Costa Rica|traditional use of unclear origin
France|Europe|18th century
Industrial invention|Malden, United States|1900 to 1901
Mid-twentieth-century housing|Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Latin America|mid-20th century
Yangshao and Longshan cultures|China|around 5000 BC
Medieval city|London, England|since the 11th century
Hispanic world|Spain and the Americas|still in use
University landscape design|Urbana, Illinois, United States|1938
Contemporary vertical garden|City of Science and Industry, Paris|1986
Study of urban birds|Staffordshire, England|2010 and 2011
Persian dovecotes|Isfahan, Iran|17th century
Starling pots|Leiden and Amsterdam, Netherlands|16th century
Colonial convent|Old Havana, Cuba|study of 2012 and 2013
Natural environment act|Scotland, United Kingdom|2026
Traditional granaries|Norway|of unclear origin
Norwegian building research|Norway|early 1960s
National Research Council of Canada|Ottawa, Canada|1963
Ancient Rome|Pompeii and Rome, Italy|1st century BC
London commerce|London, England|late 18th century
Team 10 and Aldo van Eyck|Netherlands|1954 to 1959
Team 10 and the Smithsons|United Kingdom and Netherlands|1954 to 1968
Andalusi world|Iberian Peninsula|Middle Ages
Hispanic courtyard house|Spain and Spanish America|colonial period onward
Adobe house|Costa Rica|17th to 20th centuries
Japanese house|Japan|around the 12th century
House of the Indian subcontinent|India|Antiquity
Colonial architecture|Australia|since the 1850s
Adobe house|Costa Rica|17th to 20th centuries
Ancient Greece|Eastern Mediterranean|Antiquity
Ancient Rome|Rome|2nd century
Renaissance|Veneto, Italy|16th century
Medieval Italian city|Bologna, Italy|since the 12th century
Straits shophouse|Singapore and Malaysia|19th century
Ancient Greece|Greece|Antiquity
Ancient Egypt|Egypt|Antiquity
Italian city|Florence, Italy|14th century
Islamic world|Egypt|around the 12th century
Viceregal Lima|Peru|16th to 19th centuries
House of Najd and Hejaz|Arabian Peninsula|traditional
Modern movement|France|1926
Ancient Rome|Italy|Antiquity
Japanese house|Japan|traditional
Spanish American urbanism|Colombia and Chile|20th century
Urban regulations|Costa Rica|21st century
Ancient Egypt|Thebes, Egypt|18th dynasty
Italian Renaissance|Milan, Italy|1498
Japanese garden|Japan|Edo period
Urban palace|Paris, France|1642
Early automobiles|England and Germany|1899 to 1903
Usonian house|Madison, United States|1936
French language|France|1835
Paris Metro|Paris, France|1900 to 1913
Roman domus|Rome and el Mediterráneo|Antiquity
Riad|al-Andalus and Morocco|since the Islamic caliphates
Haveli|India and Pakistan|peak under the Mughal Empire
Costa Rican adobe house|Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica|late 19th century
Roman domus|Rome|Antiquity
Convents of New Spain|Mexico|16th century
Roman architecture|Rome|Antiquity
Temples of ancient Egypt|Egypt|at least since the Amarna period
Roman and early Christian basilica|Rome and Italy|Antiquity
Ancient Egypt|Egypt|Antiquity
Palace of Knossos|Crete|Minoan Bronze Age
Traditional Chinese architecture|China|of unclear origin
Bioclimatic architecture|Garston, United Kingdom|contemporary period
Ancient Egypt|Egypt|Early Dynastic period
Persia|Iran, with Yazd as an example|since the Achaemenid period
Persian garden|Iran|since the Achaemenid period
Nasrid|Alhambra, Granada|14th century
Mughal garden|India|Mughal Empire
Paleolithic hunters|Lascaux, France|more than ten thousand years ago
Rome|Roman Empire|1st to 3rd centuries
China|China|Warring States period
India|Indian subcontinent|of unclear origin
Medieval great hall|England|widespread around 1300
Modern movement|Stuttgart, Germany|1927
Traditional Malay house|Malaysia|of unclear origin
Caribbean wooden house|Limón, Costa Rica|early 20th century
Houses of the English nobility|England|1597
Victorian house|United Kingdom|19th century
Imperial gardens of the Qing dynasty|Beijing, China|1750, rebuilt in 1886
Greek colony of Selinunte|Sicily, Italy|around 480 to 470 BC
French architectural treatise|France|1675 to 1683
Ancient Egypt|Egypt|Antiquity
Ancient Greece|Isthmus of Corinth, Greece|Antiquity
Greek healing sanctuaries|Epidaurus, Greece|Antiquity
Imperial Rome|Colosseum, Rome|80 AD
Industrial era|New York, United States|1854 and 1857
Industrial era|Coney Island, New York|1896
Hillside city|Hong Kong|1993
Social urbanism|Comuna 13, Medellín, Colombia|2011
Assyrian palaces|Mesopotamia|Antiquity
Italian Renaissance|Venice and Verona, Italy|late 15th century
Mughal Empire|India|early 17th century
Quechua communities with Inca technique|southern Peruvian Andes|living Inca tradition
Khasi and Jaintia peoples|Meghalaya, India|of unclear origin, still in use
Cold-winter city|Minneapolis, United States|since 1962
Palatial architecture|Italy and France|date unclear
Classic Maya|Copán, Honduras|710 and 755 AD
Stepwells|western India|since the 3rd and 4th centuries AD
Sacred city on the banks of the Ganges|Varanasi, India|of unclear origin, still in use
Roman Baroque|Rome, Italy|1723 to 1725
Industrial era|Pennsylvania, United States|1920s
Accessible transport|United States|1993
Victoria Hall|Sunderland, England|1883
Exterior iron staircase|United States|since 1887
Running man sign|Japan|around 1980
Modern skyscraper|Racine, United States|1950
Modern skyscraper|Bartlesville, United States|1956
Veterans’ rehabilitation|Kalamazoo, United States|1940s
Law 7600|Costa Rica|1996
Universal design|North Carolina, United States|1997
Streets of Japan|Okayama, Japan|1967
Law 7600|Costa Rica|1996
Indus civilization|Mohenjo-daro, present-day Pakistan|Bronze Age
Elizabethan England|Kelston, England|1596
Industrial era|Scotland|1775
Maya|Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico|living tradition
Ancient Greece and Rome|Mediterranean|Antiquity
Pre-industrial European house|Europe|before industrialization
Traditional Japanese house|Japan|of unclear origin
Spanish colonial period and Guatemalan tradition|Antigua Guatemala|colonial period and present use
French public wash houses|France|17th to 20th centuries
Dhobi launderers|Bombay, India|since 1890
Edo-period Japanese house|Japan|since the late 17th century
Modern social housing|Frankfurt, Germany|1926
Hispanic rural house|Spain|of unclear origin
Arab world|Eastern Mediterranean|traditional
Swahili cities|Mombasa, Kenya|traditional
Shoin-style Japanese house|Japan|Muromachi period
Islam|Medina and Damascus|early 8th century
Inca|Peruvian Andes|15th century
Ancient Rome|Mediterranean|Antiquity
Al-Andalus|Iberian Peninsula|Middle Ages
Japanese house|Japan|second half of the Edo period
Taíno people|Antilles|1492
Maya people of Yucatán|Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico|before the 16th century and today
European seamanship|England|1597
Northeastern sertão|Brazil|living tradition
Rotary clothesline|Australia|1925 to 1945
Right-to-dry movement|United States and Canada|since 2008
Traditional Japanese house|Kyoto, Japan|between the 14th and 16th centuries
Modern movement|Stuttgart, Germany|1927
Office landscape|Hamburg, Germany|1958
Anatolian Neolithic|Çayönü, Turkey|around 9000 to 8000 BC
Japan|Japan|from the Heian period to the 17th century
Venice|Italy|18th century
Josefino adobe house|San José, Costa Rica|early 19th century
Greece and Rome|Mediterranean|Antiquity
Ancient China|China|Antiquity
Andalusi and Mudéjar architecture|Spain|Middle Ages
Spanish colonial period|Mexico and Peru|viceregal period
Babylon|Mesopotamia|around 575 BC
Greece and Rome|Mediterranean|Antiquity
Ndebele people|South Africa|since the 18th century
Josefino adobe house|San José, Costa Rica|early 19th century
Inca|Andes|Inca Empire
Traditional carpentry|Japan|living tradition
Yangshao and Longshan cultures|China|since around 5000 BC
Great Mosque of Djenné|Mali|current building from 1907
Central Valley adobe house|Costa Rica|colonial period to 1910
Guayabo de Turrialba|Costa Rica|around 1000 BC to 1400 AD
Inca|Andes|Inca Empire
Central Valley adobe house|Costa Rica|18th and 19th centuries
Near Eastern Neolithic|Tell Aswad and Jericho|around 7500 to 7200 BC
Chinese Neolithic|Chengtoushan, China|around 4400 BC
Indus civilization|Mohenjo-daro, present-day Pakistan|mid-third millennium BC
Josefino adobe house|San José, Costa Rica|early 19th century
Hōryū-ji temple|Nara, Japan|late 7th century
Temple carpentry|Japan|living tradition
Josefino adobe house|San José, Costa Rica|1825
Cross-laminated timber|Austria|1990s
China and India|Asia|cited in the year 960
National Bamboo Project|Costa Rica|1986 to 2000
Rome|Italy|since around 150 BC
Modern movement|Marseille, France|1952
Modern Argentine architecture|Buenos Aires, Argentina|20th century
Indian metallurgy|Delhi, India|5th century
Chicago School|Chicago, United States|1884 to 1885
Edificio Metálico|Belgium and San José, Costa Rica|1896
London docks|England|1829
Rural settlement|Australia and Argentina|since the 19th century
National Bamboo Project|Costa Rica|1986 to 2000
Longshan culture|China|Late Neolithic
Archaic Greece|Corinth, Greece|700 to 650 BC
Rome|Roman Empire|Antiquity
Colonial tile works|Cartago and El Tejar, Costa Rica|17th and 18th centuries
Rome|Roman Empire|early 1st century
European glassmakers|Europe|until the 19th century
Float glass|England|1953 to 1957
Coffee era|San José, Costa Rica|19th century
Rome|Roman Empire|Antiquity
Catalan industry|Catalonia, Spain|1850s
Guanacaste adobe house|Liberia, Costa Rica|second half of the 19th century
Mosaic tile workshops|Cartago, Costa Rica|20th century
Anatolian Neolithic|Çayönü, Turkey|around 9000 to 8000 BC
Venetian craftsmen|Venice, Italy|18th century
Construction industry|United States|1920s
Early patent|Tacoma, United States|1923
University research|Austria|1990s
High-rise building|London, United Kingdom|2009
Taos Pueblo|New Mexico, United States|around the year 1000
Harvard University|Cambridge, United States|1895
Boston Symphony Hall|Boston, United States|1900
Ancient Rome|Rome, Italy|1st century BC
Indus Valley|Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan|around 2600 BC
Classical Greece|Thurii, Italy|5th century BC
Colonial Costa Rica|San José, Costa Rica|late 18th century
Eixample of Barcelona|Barcelona, Spain|1859
Commissioners’ Plan|New York, United States|1811
Spanish colonial period|San José, Costa Rica|late 18th century
Teotihuacan|Valley of Mexico|around 450 AD
Guayabo|Turrialba, Costa Rica|between 1000 BC and 1400 AD
European pedestrian street|Copenhagen, Denmark|1962
Ancient Rome|Ostia, Italy|2nd and 3rd centuries
Straits shophouse|Singapore|19th century
Neighborhood urbanism|New York, United States|1961
Ancient Rome|Rome, Italy|2nd century
Shophouse|Southeast Asia and southern China|19th century
European urbanism|Vienna, Austria|1889
Public life studies|Copenhagen, Denmark|1971
Tropical public housing|Singapore|since the 1970s
Eixample of Barcelona|Barcelona, Spain|1860
Social housing of Red Vienna|Vienna, Austria|1927 to 1930
Recovery of block interiors|Barcelona, Spain|since 1987
Early automobiles|London, England|1901
Vauban district|Freiburg, Germany|since 1998
London mews|London, England|17th to 19th centuries
Spanish American courtyard house|Córdoba, Argentina|late 18th century
Supports theory|Amsterdam, Netherlands|1961
PREVI Experimental Housing Project|Lima, Peru|1966 to 1974
Imperial Rome|Rome, Italy|1st century BC
1916 Zoning|New York, United States|1916
National Biological Corridors Program|Costa Rica|2006
Interurban biological corridors|Greater Metropolitan Area, Costa Rica|2017
Garden city|Hampstead, London, England|1906
Greenwich Village neighborhood|New York, United States|1961
Medieval France|Chaudes-Aigues, France|14th century
Urban engineering|Lockport, New York, United States|1877
Tropical city|Marina Bay, Singapore|since 2006
Persian mountain village|Masuleh, Gilan, Iran|inhabited since at least the 10th century
Inca|Machu Picchu, Peru|around 1450
Island kingdoms|dry zone of Sri Lanka|since the 3rd century BC
Nineteenth-century landscape design|Boston, United States|since 1878
Urban reuse|Paris, France|1993
River restoration|Seoul, South Korea|2005
Ottoman Empire|Istanbul, Turkey|since 1455
Nineteenth-century city|Paris, France|first half of the 19th century
Italy|Milan, Italy|1865 to 1877
Ancient Anatolia|present-day Turkey|around 2000 BC
Greece and Rome|Corinth and Pompeii|4th century BC to 1st century AD
Early modern Europe|Paris and London|16th to 18th centuries
Maurya Empire|India|3rd century BC
Mughal Empire|road from Lahore to Agra|17th century
Europe|Paris and other walled cities|of unclear origin
Hispano-Arab|al-Andalus|Middle Ages
Ancient Greece|Delos and Epidaurus|Antiquity
Rome and the Islamic world|Rome, Baghdad and Córdoba|Antiquity and Middle Ages
Industrial revolution|London|1807
Costa Rica|San José|1884
Ancient Greece|Athens|10th to 4th centuries BC
France|Paris|1662
France|Nantes|1825
Brazil|Curitiba|late 20th century
Enlightenment Europe|Austrian Empire and Paris|1770 and 1805
Japan|Japanese cities|present day
Costa Rica|the whole country|present day
Rome|the empire’s road network|Antiquity
Sur Sultanate|India|16th century
Modern urbanism|United States|1960
Colombia|Bogotá|1974
Netherlands|Utrecht and other cities|20th and 21st centuries
Rome|Pompeii|1st century
United Kingdom|Slough|1951
United States|Kalamazoo and Berkeley|20th century
Japan|Okayama|1967
England|London|17th century
United States|Prince George’s County, Maryland|1990
China|Chinese cities|2014 and 2015
Maurya Empire|India|3rd century BC
Islamic world|Cairo and Istanbul|14th to 18th centuries
England|London|1859
Persia and the Ottoman world|Persia and Anatolia|since the 13th century
Costa Rica|Morazán Park, San José|1910 and 1920
Mesoamerica|Paso de la Amada, Pacific coast of Mexico|around 1400 BC
Andean world|Andes|of unclear origin
Costa Rica|towns and cities|20th and 21st centuries
European and colonial fortification|Europe and San Juan, Puerto Rico|14th to 18th centuries
Modern urbanism|United States|1961 and 1971
Roman city|Pompeii, Italy|1st century
London urban reform|London, United Kingdom|1766
Costa Rican municipal work|Santa Ana, Costa Rica|2023
Inverted U stand|Sheffield, United Kingdom|date unclear
Dutch cycling culture|Utrecht, Netherlands|2017 to 2019
Industrial public parks|Manchester and Salford, United Kingdom|1846
Danish adventure playground|Emdrup, Copenhagen, Denmark|1943
Neighborhood playgrounds|Amsterdam, Netherlands|1947 to 1978
Japanese urban commerce|Japan|1031
Container deposit|Sweden|1884
Zero-waste town|Kamikatsu, Japan|since 2003
Waste management law|Costa Rica|2010
European highways|France|1950s
Ecoduct network|Zeist, Netherlands|1988
Guanacaste coastal community|Playa Hermosa, Costa Rica|2015 to 2021
Costa Rican environmental legislation|San José, Costa Rica|2026
Open schoolyards|Paris, France|since 2018
Municipal network of shelters|Barcelona, Spain|since 2020
Bahrain Pavilion at the Venice Biennale|Venice, Italy|2025
Port of Caesarea|Caesarea, Israel|22 to 10 BC
British pleasure piers|Ryde, England|1814
Puntarenas pier|Puntarenas, Costa Rica|since 1872
Italian Alpine city|Bolzano, Italy|late 1980s
The City of Children|Fano, Italy|1991
British school streets|East Lothian and Edinburgh, Scotland|2014 and 2015
We protect schools (Protegim les escoles)|Barcelona, Spain|since 2020
Baroque gardens|Hellbrunn Palace, Salzburg, Austria|around 1613 to 1619
Public parks of the United States|Aurora, Illinois, United States|1930s
Modern urban landscape design|Portland, United States|1970
Chinese pavilion|China|Sui and Tang dynasties
Chinese garden and Japanese garden|China and Japan|17th century
Italian Renaissance|Rome|late 15th century
Volcanic national parks|Costa Rica|21st century
Quechua communities with Inca technique|Peruvian Andes|living Inca tradition
Classic Maya|Yaxchilán, Mexico|7th century
Iya Valley|Shikoku, Japan|of unclear origin, still in use
Cabécar people|Talamanca and Matina, Costa Rica|21st century
Inca Qhapaq Ñan|Andes, from Colombia to Argentina|15th century, on older roads
Kumano Kodo|Kii Mountains, Japan|since the 11th and 12th centuries
Forest bathing|Japan|since 1982
Protected wild areas|Costa Rica|21st century
Bribri people|Talamanca, Costa Rica|living tradition
Samoan meeting house|Samoa|living tradition
Palapa of western Mexico|Mexico|colonial period
Roman baths|Roman Empire|imperial period
Onsen|Japan|at least 1,300 years ago
Mesoamerican temazcal|Mexico and Central America|pre-Hispanic period, still in use
Costa Rican hot springs|Costa Rica|since the pre-Columbian period
Japanese tea room|Kyoto, Japan|1582
United Nations|New York|1957
Rothko Chapel|Houston, United States|1971
Raum der Stille|Brandenburg Gate, Berlin|1994
Monastic cloister|Europe and Mediterranean|since the late 5th century
Scholars’ garden|Suzhou, China|11th to 19th centuries
Zen dry garden|Ryōan-ji, Kyoto, Japan|late 15th century
Modern tropical garden|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil|since 1949
Ancient Crete|Greece|5th to 3rd centuries BC
Gothic cathedral|Chartres, France|12th century
Stone labyrinths|coasts of Scandinavia|12th to 14th centuries
Tohono O'odham|Sonoran Desert|since the 17th century
Paleolithic|Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel|about 790,000 years ago
Ju/'hoansi|Kalahari, Botswana and Namibia|study of 2014
Gaucho hearth|Argentina|19th century
Greek theater|Epidaurus, Greece|late 4th century BC
Roman amphitheater|Pompeii, Italy|around 70 BC
Urban garden movement|Leipzig, Germany|since 1864
Allotment gardens|Copenhagen, Denmark|1891
Organopónicos|Havana, Cuba|1990s
Municipal gardens|Curridabat, Costa Rica|21st century
Indian machan|India|19th and 20th centuries
Slimbridge wetland reserve|Gloucestershire, England|1946
Costa Rican nature tourism|Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica|2017
Kerala kalari|Kerala, India|since at least the 12th century
Japanese dojo|Japan|Buddhist tradition
Nineteenth-century ballroom|Boston, United States|1837
Mysore yogashala|Mysore, India|1933
Maneaba|Kiribati|living tradition
Bale banjar|Bali, Indonesia|living tradition
Village hall|United Kingdom|1919 to 1929
Costa Rican community development|Costa Rica|since 1967
Classic Maya|Palenque, Mexico|Classic period
Mexica|Temazcaltitlan, Mexico City|14th century
Finnish sauna|Finland|living tradition
Fröbel’s pedagogy|Bad Blankenburg, Germany|1837 to 1840
Oasis schoolyards|Paris, France|since 2018
Rabindranath Tagore’s school|Santiniketan, India|1901
Forest schools|Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany|1904
Experimental physics|France|1839
Research laboratory|United States|1954
Indian subcontinent|India|since the 6th century BC
Han dynasty|China|2nd century
Electric era|United States|1882
Peoples of the Middle East|Middle East|more than 3,700 years ago
Tang dynasty|China|year 747
Modern industry|Brooklyn, United States|1902
Urban electric service|Hartford, United States|1910 to 1924
Electric transport incentives law|Costa Rica|2018
Reform of Law 9518|Costa Rica|2026
European postal service|Italy|1674
Rural delivery|United States|1896
National postal service|Germany|2001
Urban heliport|London, United Kingdom|1948
Medical drone network|Rwanda|2016
Seventeenth-century science|England|around 1620
Textile industry|United Kingdom|1830s
Modern building|Wisconsin, United States|1883
Indus civilization|Mohenjo-daro, present-day Pakistan|Mature Harappan period
Domestic sanitation|France|1860
Mesopotamia|present-day Iraq|from the 4th millennium to 600 BC
Medieval Egypt|Fustat, Egypt|11th century
Industrial city|New York, United States|1969
Industrial inventiveness|Baltimore, United States|1891
Californian solar market|California, United States|1895
Energy policy|Israel|1980
Experimental physics|France|1859
Rebuilding after the Great Fire|London, United Kingdom|1666
Early inventiveness|England|1723
Industrial inventiveness|United States|1881 to 1890
First electric grids|New York, United States|1882
Community response|Puerto Rico|2017 and 2018
Nineteenth-century sanitation|Paris, France|since 1854
British radio and telephony|Great Britain|1937 and 1938
Each point is an element placed at its oldest known origin. The scale stretches where there is more history. Hover over or tap a point to see its name.
2 elements without a clear year of origin do not appear on the timeline.
Elements are grouped by family and linked to those worth reading together.
Diagrams and texts by LDB Arquitectura. They are shared under a CC BY 4.0 license, which allows them to be used and adapted with credit to the source.